How did ancient Egyptians lay the massive stones of the oldest pyramid? Scientists propose new theory

Egyptologists have long debated how the ancient Egyptians built the massive pyramids nearly 4,000 years ago, particularly how they moved the heavy stones. A new theory from geologists and engineers suggests a hydraulic lift mechanism using stored water to move the stones within Egypt’s oldest pyramid.

The Step Pyramid, constructed in the 27th century BC for Pharaoh Djoser, was Egypt’s tallest building at 62 meters (204 feet). Despite its age, the method of construction remains a mystery. Dr. Xavier Landreau, lead author of a study published in PLOS One, proposes that a water-powered lift, utilizing regional water resources, could have raised the stones through the pyramid’s interior vertical shaft.

This interdisciplinary research aligns with the internal structure of the Step Pyramid. Water from ancient streams and a network of deep-water trenches might have supported this lift system. Dr. David Jeffreys, an Egyptologist not involved in the study, called the theory “ingenious” but noted that many Egyptologists believe ramps and haulage devices were used instead.

The research team analyzed data suggesting that Egypt’s climate thousands of years ago was wetter, potentially providing enough water for a hydraulic lift. However, some experts argue that the rainfall might not have been sufficient to maintain such a system.

The study authors acknowledge that while it’s unlikely the system was always filled with water, flash floods could have supplied enough water for construction. Further research is needed to confirm the exact amount of rainfall and flooding during this period.

The study also considers past research that the Nile might have been used to transport limestone blocks to pyramid construction sites, and that ancient Egyptians may have used hydraulics on a smaller scale. Researchers continue to explore the mysteries of these ancient structures, with more investigation required to validate the hydraulic lift theory.